Skin infections are common across all age groups and can range from mild, self-limited conditions to infections that spread rapidly without proper care. Three of the most frequently seen skin infections in dermatology offices are molluscum contagiosum, impetigo, and warts.
While these conditions differ in cause and appearance, they share important similarities: all are contagious, all affect the outer layers of the skin, and all benefit from early diagnosis by a board-certified dermatologist. At Modern Dermatology in Annapolis, Maryland, Dr. Lane Neidig, a board-certified dermatologist, routinely evaluates and diagnoses these infections to help patients prevent unnecessary spread and complications.
Molluscum contagiosum
Molluscum contagiosum is a viral skin infection caused by a poxvirus that affects the top layers of the skin. It most commonly occurs in children but is also seen in adolescents and adults, particularly those with close skin-to-skin contact or weakened immune systems. The infection appears as small, smooth, dome-shaped bumps that are flesh-colored or pearly white, often with a tiny indentation in the center. These lesions are usually painless but may become red, inflamed, or itchy as the immune system begins to react.
The virus spreads through direct skin contact, contact with contaminated objects such as towels or gym equipment, and, in adults, through intimate skin contact. Scratching or shaving over lesions can cause the virus to spread to other areas of the body, leading to clusters of bumps. Although molluscum contagiosum is not dangerous in healthy individuals, it can persist for months or even years if left untreated.
Diagnosis is typically made through a clinical skin examination. The appearance of the lesions is often distinctive enough that no testing is required. In rare cases, particularly when the diagnosis is uncertain or the immune system is compromised, a dermatologist may perform a skin scraping or biopsy to confirm the diagnosis under microscopic evaluation.
Impetigo
Impetigo is a highly contagious bacterial skin infection that primarily affects infants and young children, though it can occur at any age. It is most often caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus bacteria. Impetigo typically develops when bacteria enter the skin through small cuts, insect bites, eczema, or other areas of broken skin. Warm, humid weather and close contact in schools or daycare settings increase the risk of spread.
The infection usually begins as red sores or small blisters that quickly rupture, ooze, and form a thick, honey-colored crust. Lesions are most commonly found around the nose and mouth but can appear anywhere on the body. While impetigo is usually not painful, it can be itchy and spreads easily through touch, clothing, towels, or bedding.
Diagnosis is most often made based on the characteristic appearance of the skin lesions during a physical examination. In certain situations, such as recurrent infections or lack of response to treatment, a bacterial culture may be obtained to identify the specific organism and guide management. Prompt diagnosis is important, as untreated impetigo can spread rapidly and, in rare cases, lead to deeper skin infections or systemic complications.
Warts
Warts are benign skin growths caused by infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). There are many different strains of HPV, which explains why warts can appear in a variety of forms and locations on the body. Common warts typically appear on the hands and fingers as rough, raised bumps. Plantar warts develop on the soles of the feet and may be painful due to pressure when walking. Flat warts are smaller and smoother and often occur on the face, arms, or legs.
The virus enters the skin through tiny breaks and spreads through direct contact with warts or contaminated surfaces, such as locker room floors or communal showers. Not everyone exposed to HPV develops warts, as immune response plays a significant role in whether infection occurs. Children and individuals with weakened immune systems are more susceptible.
Diagnosis is generally straightforward and based on visual examination. Dermatologists assess the size, texture, and location of the lesion, as well as subtle features such as pinpoint black dots that represent clotted blood vessels. In uncommon cases where a lesion is atypical, changing, or resistant to standard care, a biopsy may be performed to rule out other skin conditions.
The importance of accurate diagnosis
Although molluscum contagiosum, impetigo, and warts are all common skin infections, they can sometimes be mistaken for one another or confused with noninfectious skin conditions. Accurate diagnosis matters. Treating a viral infection as if it were bacterial, or assuming a lesion is harmless when it is not, can delay resolution and increase the risk of spread to others.
At Modern Dermatology in Annapolis, our providers emphasizes careful clinical evaluation to identify the underlying cause of skin infections and provide clear guidance to patients and families. Early diagnosis helps limit transmission, reduces discomfort, and prevents unnecessary complications.
If you or your child has new, spreading, or persistent skin lesions, schedule an evaluation with Modern Dermatology in Annapolis, Maryland, to receive an accurate diagnosis and expert dermatologic care.