Acne is one of the most common skin concerns seen in dermatology, affecting people of all ages and skin types. While it is often associated with adolescence, acne can persist into adulthood or appear for the first time later in life.
Breakouts can be frustrating, uncomfortable, embarrassing and sometimes painful. Understanding what acne is and why it develops is the first step toward getting clearer, healthier skin. At Modern Dermatology in Annapolis, Maryland, Dr. Lane Neidig, a board-certified dermatologist, helps patients identify the underlying causes of their acne and creates personalized treatment plans that address both current breakouts and creates clear skin that stays clear.
What is acne?
Acne forms when hair follicles become clogged with oil, dead skin cells, and bacteria. The skin naturally produces oil to keep it soft and protected, but when oil production increases or shedding of dead skin slows down, pores can become blocked. Once a pore is blocked, inflammation can develop, leading to visible bumps on the skin. While acne most commonly appears on the face, it can also affect the chest, back, shoulders, and neck—areas where oil glands are abundant and more prone to buildup.
What are the types of acne?
There are several types of acne, and many people experience more than one type at the same time. Comedonal acne includes blackheads and whiteheads, which form when pores become blocked with debris. Blackheads remain open to the surface of the skin and appear dark due to oxidation, while whiteheads remain closed beneath a thin layer of skin. These types are often less inflamed but can still lead to congestion and uneven skin texture.
Inflammatory acne includes papules, pustules, nodules, and cysts. Papules are small, tender red bumps, while pustules contain a visible white or yellow center. These lesions indicate that bacteria and inflammation are involved. Nodules and cysts are deeper, more severe forms of acne. They develop below the skin’s surface, can be painful, and often require medical treatment to prevent scarring. Cystic acne in particular can leave lasting scars if left untreated, which is why early intervention from a dermatologist is important.
What causes acne?
Acne has many causes, and most cases stem from a combination of internal and external factors. Hormones play a major role by increasing oil production and sensitivity within the skin. This is why acne often begins during puberty and may flare during menstrual cycles, pregnancy, or other hormonal shifts including perimenopause. Genetics also influence how much oil the skin produces, how quickly pores become clogged, and how strongly the skin becomes inflamed, which means acne may run in families.
Bacteria naturally live on everyone’s skin, but when pores become blocked, these bacteria multiply and trigger inflammation. This can cause red, tender bumps or deeper cystic breakouts. Stress does not directly cause acne, but it can worsen it by increasing hormone levels that influence oil production. Certain skincare or hair products can contribute to clogged pores as well, especially those that are heavy, oily, or not labeled non-comedogenic. Environmental factors, such as heat, humidity, and sweating, can create conditions that make acne more likely to develop or worsen.
Diet may play a role for some individuals, particularly foods that create rapid changes in blood sugar or contain high levels of dairy. However, every person’s skin responds differently, and identifying triggers often requires a personalized approach. Medications, friction from helmets or straps, and frequent touching of the face can also contribute to breakouts. Because the causes of acne are so varied, a one-size-fits-all approach rarely works. Dermatologic guidance ensures each factor is evaluated and addressed appropriately.
Who is at risk for acne?
Acne can affect anyone, and while it is extremely common in teenagers, adults make up a large portion of patients seeking treatment today. Adult acne can affect individuals in their 20s, 30s, 40s, and beyond. Hormonal fluctuations, stress, and genetics are leading contributors to adult acne, but skincare habits and lifestyle factors also play a role. Men and women experience acne differently; women often have cyclical flares linked to hormonal changes, while men may experience more persistent breakouts driven by oil production.
Acne also affects people emotionally. Even mild breakouts can impact confidence, social interactions, and overall quality of life. More severe acne may lead to scarring, which can create long-term cosmetic concerns. Early, consistent treatment significantly reduces the risk of scarring and helps restore clearer, smoother skin over time.
Acne treatment options
Learn about the many treatment options for acne.
Schedule an acne treatment consultation
Our Acne Center for Excellence sets a high bar creating treatment plans that utilize cutting edge protocols that lead to clear skin that stays clear. Working with a board-certified dermatologist Dr. Lane Neidig gives patients access to advanced technology and targeted treatments designed to reduce breakouts, calm inflammation, and prevent new acne from forming. A customized plan may include topical therapies, oral medications, in-office procedures, or a combination of approaches tailored to the unique needs of each patient.
Acne is curable or controllable for the vast majority of individuals. If acne is affecting your confidence or daily life, you do not need to manage it alone. Clearer skin starts with expert guidance and a treatment plan built around your personal skin needs. Contact Modern Dermatology in Annapolis, Maryland today to schedule an appointment with Dr. Lane Neidig and take the first step toward healthy, balanced, and confident skin.